ISLAMABAD, Pakistan — Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif said Monday that his newly installed government intends to press treason charges against the former military ruler Pervez Musharraf, setting up a potential clash with Pakistan’s powerful military.

In a speech to Parliament on Monday that was sharply critical of the military, Mr. Sharif said that Mr. Musharraf had to answer for his acts during his years in power, comments that drew loud applause from Mr. Sharif’s supporters.

But the government has stopped short of pressing formal charges against Mr. Musharraf because Mr. Sharif says he wants to first consult with the country’s other political parties.

The treason case against Mr. Musharraf is pending in the Supreme Court, and charges have also been pressed in four other cases relating to Mr. Musharraf’s rule from 1999 to 2008. He has remained under house arrest at his villa outside Islamabad since April, shortly after his return from years of exile abroad....