Elif Shafak: Histories at Issue in Question over Turkey's Admission to the EU
[Ms. Shafak, a novelist, is professor of Near Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona and author, most recently, of "The Saint of Incipient Insanities" (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004).]
'The Ottomans were loved and respected by the nations they ruled. The millet system was a righteous system in which every religious minority could preserve and practice their religion freely as long as they paid their taxes," we Turks were taught at school.
Furnished with this information it comes as a shock to find that the children of those nations might feel differently. For us, for example, the devshirme system let the children of impoverished non-Muslim families climb the social ladder all the way up to Grand Vizier. But for the nations ruled by the Ottomans, devshirme took away their beloved offspring and assimilated and converted them to Islam.
Differences in the interpretation of the past notwithstanding, it is a bigger shock to realize how vivid those memories remain, passed on from one generation to the next in former Ottoman lands, be it the Middle East, the Balkans or among the Armenian diaspora. "Countries under the Ottoman occupation often had to live under severe conditions. This fact is not completely forgotten even though it happened in the 16th and 17th centuries," the Brussels-based Russian Orthodox Church proclaims on its website. "The culture, traditions and way of life that characterize Turkey are far distant from the one which has roots in the other countries of South-Eastern Europe."
Under these circumstances, one of the biggest challenges facing Turkey in its negotiations to join the EU, launched earlier this week, will be the struggle between memory and amnesia. This is a new state, a new generation and a new country, Turkey reminds again those who only see her through the spectacles of the past.
If Turkey as a whole leans more toward rupture and amnesia, the Austrians this past week have proved to be inclined to the other end -- toward historical continuity and rigid memory that sees today's Turks as directly descended from the men who besieged Vienna more than 300 years ago. The insinuation is clear: Turkey is the same old Turkey and hence unfit for membership in Europe's elite club. Austria blocked the start of the talks, before relenting at the last minute.
The past haunts Turkey as well. Yet it too often goes unrecognized that Turkish civil society is profoundly heterogeneous, replete with differing voices that both co-exist and come into conflict with each other. The recent Armenian Conference here, which was held last week, shows that Turkey's civil society and its media are a diverse and dynamic lot. We, a group of intellectuals, had gathered to discuss the 1915 massacres and deportation of Armenians. We are pressing the government to recognize the atrocities inflicted by the Turkish authorities of the time upon the Armenian minority. The justice minister prevented us from meeting last spring, and a local court tried, but failed, to do so again last month. During the meeting, we were vilified and applauded by numerous voices on the political left and right. While ultranationalism runs deep in Turkey, it is equally true that Turkish society is changing quickly and fundamentally, embracing multiculturalism and diversity. European politicians should pay more attention to the shades of gray in between. It is here where the potential for further social transformation lies.
There is not a clash of civilizations between Turkey and EU, as there isn't between East and West. There is a clash of opinions within each and every country. On the one hand are those who believe that they are in no need of, if not better than, others. They want to live with and among people who are just like them -- people of the same religion, the same genealogy, and the same prospects. They have little faith in "foreigners". On the other hand are those who believe that we're all dependent on one another -- financially, culturally and socially. That there exists no room in this world for uncompromising nationalism but only for constant give and take between nations and peoples. Among the former, in the countries located in the West, are the religious conservatives and nationalists. Among the latter are the cosmopolitans and libertarians. The clash is not between nations but within nations....
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'The Ottomans were loved and respected by the nations they ruled. The millet system was a righteous system in which every religious minority could preserve and practice their religion freely as long as they paid their taxes," we Turks were taught at school.
Furnished with this information it comes as a shock to find that the children of those nations might feel differently. For us, for example, the devshirme system let the children of impoverished non-Muslim families climb the social ladder all the way up to Grand Vizier. But for the nations ruled by the Ottomans, devshirme took away their beloved offspring and assimilated and converted them to Islam.
Differences in the interpretation of the past notwithstanding, it is a bigger shock to realize how vivid those memories remain, passed on from one generation to the next in former Ottoman lands, be it the Middle East, the Balkans or among the Armenian diaspora. "Countries under the Ottoman occupation often had to live under severe conditions. This fact is not completely forgotten even though it happened in the 16th and 17th centuries," the Brussels-based Russian Orthodox Church proclaims on its website. "The culture, traditions and way of life that characterize Turkey are far distant from the one which has roots in the other countries of South-Eastern Europe."
Under these circumstances, one of the biggest challenges facing Turkey in its negotiations to join the EU, launched earlier this week, will be the struggle between memory and amnesia. This is a new state, a new generation and a new country, Turkey reminds again those who only see her through the spectacles of the past.
If Turkey as a whole leans more toward rupture and amnesia, the Austrians this past week have proved to be inclined to the other end -- toward historical continuity and rigid memory that sees today's Turks as directly descended from the men who besieged Vienna more than 300 years ago. The insinuation is clear: Turkey is the same old Turkey and hence unfit for membership in Europe's elite club. Austria blocked the start of the talks, before relenting at the last minute.
The past haunts Turkey as well. Yet it too often goes unrecognized that Turkish civil society is profoundly heterogeneous, replete with differing voices that both co-exist and come into conflict with each other. The recent Armenian Conference here, which was held last week, shows that Turkey's civil society and its media are a diverse and dynamic lot. We, a group of intellectuals, had gathered to discuss the 1915 massacres and deportation of Armenians. We are pressing the government to recognize the atrocities inflicted by the Turkish authorities of the time upon the Armenian minority. The justice minister prevented us from meeting last spring, and a local court tried, but failed, to do so again last month. During the meeting, we were vilified and applauded by numerous voices on the political left and right. While ultranationalism runs deep in Turkey, it is equally true that Turkish society is changing quickly and fundamentally, embracing multiculturalism and diversity. European politicians should pay more attention to the shades of gray in between. It is here where the potential for further social transformation lies.
There is not a clash of civilizations between Turkey and EU, as there isn't between East and West. There is a clash of opinions within each and every country. On the one hand are those who believe that they are in no need of, if not better than, others. They want to live with and among people who are just like them -- people of the same religion, the same genealogy, and the same prospects. They have little faith in "foreigners". On the other hand are those who believe that we're all dependent on one another -- financially, culturally and socially. That there exists no room in this world for uncompromising nationalism but only for constant give and take between nations and peoples. Among the former, in the countries located in the West, are the religious conservatives and nationalists. Among the latter are the cosmopolitans and libertarians. The clash is not between nations but within nations....