Déja vu All Over Again? 1968 and 2006
Are we describing events in a) 1968, b) 2006, or c) both?
Obviously, the answer is “c” and thinking about the events of 1968 could be highly instructive today, as a different generation of American policymakers confronts the detritus of a misguided war in a faraway place.
In late 1967, U.S. officials offered bright views of the war in Vietnam, most notably General William Westmoreland’s observation that there was “light at the end of the tunnel.”Within just a couple months, the enemy’s Tet Offensive undermined such official optimism about Vietnam and exposed the deep political and military flaws in the U.S. war. During February 1968, the enemy’s offensive continued, causing huge losses for the U.S. and its allies in southern Vietnam, and, badly damaging American efforts to create a stable political environment and pacification program. Economically, the costs of the war became untenable, and a global financial crisis, spurred on by the huge deficits caused by military spending, erupted.
Amid this turmoil, the defense secretary, Robert McNamara, who had a terrible relationship with the military already, was forced out, and replaced by an old Washington insider, Clark Clifford, who began to reevaluate the war with the help of a group of “wise men,” experienced diplomats and politicians such as ex-Secretary of State Dean Acheson. And the military, fearful of being blamed for the war, forced the president’s hand by asking for 206,000 more troops, a request that they understood would not be forthcoming, but which squarely placed responsibility for the coming failure in Vietnam upon the White House. Meanwhile, support for President Lyndon Johnson’s handling of the war sunk to about 35 percent, the lowest since the war began, and he was essentially forced out of a campaign for reelection.
Fast forward 38 years: 103 Americans died in Iraq during October alone, bringing the total of killed to over 2,800. The situation has continued to deteriorate with growing levels of violence, destruction, and abductions, and an Iraqi death toll perhaps in the hundreds of thousands since 2003. Iraq, as American military leaders concede, is descending into civil war. As in Vietnam in 1968, an enormous, ambitious state building campaign lies in shambles.
Amid turmoil on the battlefield, political events at home have intervened. On Tuesday, November 2, the Republican Party, and by proxy the president, was handed “a thumping,” as Bush conceded, which was clearly and accurately interpreted as a repudiation of the administration’s disastrous Iraq policy. A day after the elections, at a press conference, Bush the “uniter” replaced Bush the “decider” as the administration moved to damage control mode.
Like Johnson ousting McNamara, Bush announced the firing of the war’s chief architect, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, who had long ago earned the enmity of many in the military over which he presides. The President also quickly brought onboard a new group of advisors from the Reagan and Bush 41 years.
The “blue ribbon” commission, headed by Former Secretary of State James Baker and including other past policymakers such as former CIA director and Rumsfeld’s replacement Robert Gates will act as the “wise men” of foreign policy to steer the American ship of state back on course. The buzzword around the right-wing retreat is “pragmatism.”
Just as in 1968, the groundwork is being laid for an exit from a war gone wrong. Public support for the war has plummeted and will almost certainly never return now that its rationale has been rejected. The war in Iraq, which was part of a larger effort to remake areas of the world in the American image, has now thoroughly undermined the post-9/11 consensus around these ambitions just as Vietnam led to a huge “credibility gap” here and abroad.
The costs, which have now surpassed the Vietnam War and could reach a trillion dollars, have also undermined military support as U.S forces have been stretched to the breaking point while making the U.S. a huge debtor state. America’s international political reputation is also in a sorry state that will require some years of salvage operations to reconstruct. Just as in 1968, the administration has been forced to face the proverbial music and finesse a way out of an unwinnable campaign. The sooner it does so and begins the process of rebuilding America’s trust, credibility, economy and reputation, the better we will all be.
The parallels between Vietnam and Iraq are invoked often, usually to point out the common flaws in both conflicts. But they can point to an exit strategy as well. Though U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War continued until 1973, the events of 1968 forced U.S. leaders to acknowledge failure and seek a way out. The events of the past few weeks should do the same for our current leaders.