President John F. Kennedy and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in an ExComm meeting during the Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962. Credit: White House.

Noam Chomsky’s October 15 TomDispatch article (cross-posted on HNN) on the Cuban missile crisis quotes extensively from my work. Unfortunately, he also distorts the historical record and decontextualizes my conclusions. His insistence that the crisis was actually about U.S. “ownership of the world” tell us little or nothing about how real people behaved in real circumstances in October 1962.

Several of Chomsky’s key contentions require additional discussion:

● He hints darkly that there is something suspicious about the tapes themselves: “The meetings were secretly recorded by the president, which might bear on the fact that his stand throughout the recorded sessions is relatively temperate, as compared to other participants who were unaware that they were speaking to history.”

Why would JFK have been at all concerned about the content of the tapes? Even in his most vivid imagination, he could not have conceived of the possibility that we, the public, would ever hear these tapes. He thought of them as private property -- which they were legally at the time -- and of course he could not foresee Watergate, the Freedom of Information Act, and the Presidential Records Act, which ultimately resulted in the opening of these confidential materials. Kennedy could have picked and chosen freely from the tapes when he wrote his memoirs. Why would he need to perform for the tapes when he was certain that historians and the public would never hear them unless he or his estate granted special access to this unique portion of his personal property? (And, let’s not forget Richard Nixon repeatedly incriminated himself because he too never imagined that he would be forced to surrender his private tapes.)

JFK and the other missile crisis participants, we should never forget, did not know the outcome of the crisis when they were in the middle of dealing with it. Even if President Kennedy had tried to act for history by being more temperate, how could he have known which position taken during the discussions would ultimately be judged favorably by historians? What if, for example, the Russians had responded to the blockade, just as the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) had warned, by carrying out low-level bombing raids in the southeastern U.S. or by launching the operational nuclear missiles in Cuba at the American mainland?

Historians today would still be listening to the same tapes (assuming any tapes or historians had survived), but with a radically different outlook. It would then be the Chiefs who had turned out to be right. In other words, if the outcome had been different, the same tapes could then be interpreted to make Kennedy look appallingly negligent rather than diplomatically cautious and reasonable.

JFK could not have manipulated his image on the tapes simply because he did not know what was going to happen the next day or even the next hour. As he told the ExComm when the perilous naval quarantine around Cuba was about to be implemented, “What we are doing is throwing down a card on the table in a game which we don’t know the ending of.” His assumption that no one would ever hear the tapes is summed up in a remark to Ambassador John Kenneth Galbraith after the crisis: “Ken, you have no idea how much bad advice I received in those days.”

● Professor Chomsky declares that “U.S. destroyers enforcing the quarantine around Cuba were dropping depth charges on Soviet submarines.” In fact, the president specifically rejected the use of depth charges. He was eventually persuaded to use so-called “practice depth charges” only after he was assured that they would not damage the submarines. In fact, they did cause damage and nearly set off a nuclear exchange between the Soviet and U.S. navies. That was the only time during those thirteen days that the president accepted such provocative and dangerous advice.

JFK and his administration did bear significant responsibility for precipitating the crisis. The ExComm tapes, nonetheless, prove conclusively that President Kennedy consistently resisted pressure to bomb or invade Cuba. He also acted repeatedly to reject, delay, or question the wisdom of provocative measures such as:

The evidence from the missile crisis tapes does not fit into any simplistic ideological box. President Kennedy often stood virtually alone against warlike counsel from the ExComm, the JCS and the leaders of Congress during those historic thirteen days. Nonetheless, he never abandoned his commitment, even after the missile crisis, to undermine the Cuban revolution and get rid of Fidel Castro. It was one thing, however, to support efforts to eliminate the Cuban leader, and quite another to recklessly risk unleashing a global nuclear holocaust. Nonetheless, Chomsky’s assertion that JFK "took stunning risks to impose American hegemony" is an ideologically-driven fantasy refuted by the indisputable evidence on the ExComm tapes. 

● Chomsky quotes my conclusion that on October 26, JFK was “leaning toward military action to eliminate the missiles.” What he does not do, of course, is explain the context of both that discussion and my conclusion: namely, the growing concern in the White House that work was continuing on the missile sites and the fear that they would be rushed to completion if negotiations stretched on for days or even weeks.

● Professor Chomsky also argues that JFK’s resistance to going to war was merely a “pragmatic stance” lacking in “moral considerations.” He never mentions Kennedy’s repeated warnings to the ExComm about the catastrophic implications of nuclear war and the fact that 80-100 million people would die in the U.S. alone. Kennedy argued persistently that nuclear weapons were militarily useless; no rational person would really use them, he told several members of the JCS on October 29, because it could so easily spiral out of control.

● Chomsky’s notion that the Kennedy administration insisted “that Khrushchev be seen to capitulate” is a half truth at best. He does not mention the fact that if the Soviets had turned down the secret missile trade, JFK was prepared, through a secretly pre-arranged plan initiated by the U.S. through the U.N. (the so-called Cordier ploy), to publicly accept the trade regardless of the domestic political risks if that was the price that had to be paid to avert nuclear war.

● Professor Chomsky suggestion that U.S. leaders like JFK believed that “we are human beings who matter, while they [the Cubans and the Russians] are merely ‘unpeople,’” is repeatedly contradicted on the tapes. He also conveniently ignores Kennedy’s American University speech the following year -- in which he explicitly affirmed our common humanity: “Let us re-examine our attitude toward the Soviet Union,” he declared. “In the final analysis our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.”

Finally, it is ironic that Chomsky considers himself to be one of those who “have escaped sufficiently from the ideological shackles to pay some attention to the facts.” His facts are selective and decontextualized and used consistently to promote his own ideological agenda. In his whole essay, there is only one tangential reference to the existence of the Cold War. The Soviet Union and its allies were, of course, just as blinded by ideological dogma as those in West. And, Khrushchev was hardly an innocent bystander in this dangerous game of nuclear Russian roulette.

History, alas, is often more gray than black and white; there is far more complexity in historical study than is dreamed of in Noam Chomsky’s ideology.

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